The UK Border Agency (UKBA) was the border control agency of the Government of the United Kingdom and part of the Home Office that was superseded by UK Visas and Immigration, UK Border Force and Immigration Enforcement in April 2013.^[1] It was formed as an executive agency on 1 April 2008 by a merger of the Border and Immigration Agency (BIA), UKvisas and the Detection functions of HM Revenue and Customs. The decision to create a single border control organisation was taken following a Cabinet Office report.^[2]

The agency's head office was 2 Marsham Street, London. Rob Whiteman became Chief Executive in September 2011. Over 23,000 staff worked for the agency, in over 130 countries. It was divided into four main operations, each under the management of a senior director: operations, immigration and settlement, international operations and visas and law enforcement.^[3]

Download ragini mms full movie. The agency came under formal criticism from the Parliamentary Ombudsman for consistently poor service, a backlog of hundreds of thousands of cases, and a large and increasing number of complaints.^[4] In the first nine months of 2009–10, 97% of investigations reported by the Ombudsman resulted in a complaint against the agency being upheld.^[5] The complainants were asylum, residence, or other immigration applicants.^[5]

On 26 March 2013, following a scathing report into the agency's incompetence by the Home Affairs Select Committee,^[6] it was announced by Home SecretaryTheresa May that the UK Border Agency would be abolished and its work returned to the Home Office. Its executive agency status was removed^[7] as of 31 March 2013 ^[8] and the agency was split into two new organisations; UK Visas and Immigration focusing on the visa system and Immigration Enforcement, focusing on immigration law enforcement.^[9][10] Prior to this in April 2012, the border control division of the UKBA was separated from the rest of the agency as the Border Force.

• 2Powers
• 3Immigration control
• 4Controversies

Role[edit]

The agency attained full agency status on 1 April 2009. Immigration Officers and Customs Officers retained their own powers for the enforcement and administration of the UK's borders, although management of the new organisation was integrated and progressively officers were cross trained and empowered to deal with customs and immigration matters at the border. The Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009 received Royal Assent on 21 July 2009. This allowed the concurrent exercise of customs powers by HMRC Commissioners and the Director of Border Revenue; it was the first step in overhauling immigration and customs legislation.

The UK Border Agency had a staff of 23,500 people located in over 130 countries. Overseas staff vetted visa applications and operated an intelligence and liaison network, acting as the first layer of border control for the UK. The organisation operated as the single force at the border for the UK. Local immigration teams worked within the regions of the United Kingdom, liaising with the police, HMRC, local authorities and the public.^[11] In August 2009 HM Revenue and Customs transferred several thousand customs detection officers to the agency, following Parliament agreeing to give it customs control powers. The agency then began to investigate smuggling. The agency was developing a single primary border control line at the UK border combining controls of people and goods entering the country.

The agency's E-borders programme checked travellers to and from the UK in advance of travel, using data provided by passengers via their airline or ferry operators. The organisation used automatic clearance gates at main international airports.

The agency managed the UK Government's limit on non-European economic migration to the UK. It was responsible for in-country enforcement operations, investigating organised immigration crime and to detecting immigration offenders including illegal entrants and overstayers. The body was also responsible for the deportation of foreign national criminals at the end of sentences.

The UK Border Agency's budget combined with that of the Border Force was £2.17 billion in 2011-12. Under the spending review the agency was required to cut costs by up to 23%.^[12] At its peak the agency employed around 25,000 staff, but 5,000 posts were due to be cut by 2015 against the 2011-12 levels.^[13]

Founding Chief Executive Lin Homer left the agency in January 2011 to become the Permanent Secretary at the Department for Transport. Deputy Chief Executive Jonathan Sedgwick was acting chief until the new CEO, Rob Whiteman, took over on 26 September 2011. Sedgwick then became director of international operations and visas.^[3] In July 2011, the strategic policy functions of the agency moved to the Home Office.

Home Secretary Theresa May announced to Parliament on 26 March 2013 that the agency would be abolished due to continuing poor performance, and replaced by two new smaller organisations which would focus on the visa system and immigration law enforcement respectively. The UKBA's performance was described as 'not good enough', partly blamed on the size of the organisation. A report by MPs also criticised the agency, and described it as 'not fit for purpose'. It was also claimed that the agency had provided inaccurate reports to the Home Affairs Select Committee over a number of years.^[9] The agency was split internally on 1 April 2013, becoming a visa and immigration service and separate immigration law enforcement service.^[14]

Powers[edit]

Staff held a mixture of powers granted to them by their status as immigration officers and customs officers.

Immigration powers[edit]

Immigration officers had the power of arrest and detention conferred on them by the Immigration Act 1971, when both at ports and inland. In practice, border force officers exercised powers under Schedule 2 of the Immigration Act 1971 and inland immigration officers under S28A-H of the Immigration Act 1971 and paragraph 17 of Schedule 2. This led to separate training for border and inland officers.

This act is applicable in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. 'Designated Immigration Officers' are port immigration officers who have been trained in detention under PACE. UK Border Agency immigration officers wear a uniform with rank insignia. Enforcement immigration officers wear body armour and carry handcuffs and ASP batons.

Customs powers[edit]

Customs officers had wide-ranging powers of entry, search and detention. The main power was to detain anyone who had committed, or who the officer had reasonable grounds to suspect had committed, any offence under the Customs and Excise Acts.^[16]

Removal of foreign nationals[edit]

The UK Border Agency occasionally removed foreign national criminals at the end of their prison terms. Over 5000 foreign national prisoners were deported each year. The agency also removed failed asylum seekers and others illegally in the UK. A 2009 report by the National Audit Office cited lack of detention space to support the asylum process. The agency had over 3000 detention spaces in removal centres run by private contractors or the Prison Service.^[17]

Immigration control[edit]

Common travel area[edit]

Immigration control within the United Kingdom is managed within a wider Common Travel Area (CTA). The CTA is an intergovernmental agreement that allows freedom of movement within an area that encompasses the UK, Isle of Man, Channel Islands (Guernsey, Jersey, Sark and Alderney) and the Republic of Ireland. Authorised entry to any of the above essentially allows entry to all the others but it is the responsibility of the person entering to ensure that they are properly documented for entry to other parts of the CTA. Despite the CTA it is still possible to be deported from the UK to the Republic of Ireland and vice versa.

Juxtaposed controls[edit]

Entry to the UK via the Channel Tunnel from France or Belgium or by ferry through selected ports in north-east France is controlled by juxtaposed immigration controls in Britain, France, and Belgium, i.e. travellers clear UK passport control in France or Belgium and those travelling to France or Belgium clear French controls while in the UK. Belgium does not maintain controls in the UK as the first Schengen country entered is France. UK Border Agency checkpoints in France are operated at Gare de Calais-Fréthun, Gare de Lille Europe, Gare de Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, Gare d'Avignon-Centre, Channel Tunnel, Calais ferry terminal, Dunkirk ferry terminal and Gare du Nord station, Paris. A checkpoint operated at Boulogne-sur-Mer until the port closed in August 2010. United States border preclearance is an equivalent system operated by that country's equivalent to the UKBA at some airports outside the US.

Controversies[edit]

Student visas[edit]

There have also been difficulties with the management of student visas under Tier 4 of the Points-Based System. The assessment of the Independent Chief Inspector, carried out between July and August 2010, found that there was an inconsistent response towards applications, with some cases given extra time to prepare and others dismissed for minor reasons.^[18]

Dropped casework[edit]

In November 2011, the Home Affairs Select Committee issued a report that found that 124,000 deportation cases had been shelved by the UKBA. The report said the cases had been dumped in a 'controlled archive', a term used to try to hide the fact from authorities and auditors that it was a list of lost applicants.^[19]

Border checks[edit]

Following allegations that staff were told to relax some identity checks, in November 2011 the UK Home Office suspended: Brodie Clark, the Head of the Border Force;^[20] Carole Upshall, director of the Border Force South and European Operation;^[21] Graham Kyle, director of operations at Heathrow Airport.^[20] The Home Office is presently investigating allegations that Clark had agreed to 'open up the borders' at certain times in ways ministers would 'not have agreed with'.^[20] It is alleged that between July and the end of October 2011, queues at passport control were 'managed' so as not to annoy holiday makers.^[21] The BBC reported that staff may have been told not to scan biometric passports at certain times, which contain a digital image of the holder's face, which can be used to compare with the printed version and check the passport has not been forged.^[20] It is also believed that 'warning index checks' at Heathrow and Calais were also suspended, which would have applied strict security checks against official watchlists of terrorists, criminals, and deported illegal immigrants.^[22]

After Clark refused the offer to take early retirement, he was suspended and the investigation began.^[20] A two-week inquiry led by former Metropolitan Police detective Dave Wood, currently head of the agency's enforcement and crime group, sought to discover to what extent checks were scaled down, and what the security implications might have been. A second investigation, led by former MI6 official Mike Anderson, the Director General of the Home Office's strategy, immigration and international group, sought to investigate wider issues relating to the performance of UKBA regarding racism.

It was then announced on 5 November by Theresa May that an independent inquiry would also be undertaken, led by the Chief Inspector of the UK Border Agency, John Vine.^[23] The Border Force became a separate organisation on 1 March 2012.^[24]

2014 Sham Weddings Trial Collapse[edit]

In October 2014, the trial of the Reverend Nathan Ntege - accused of conducting almost 500 sham marriages at a church in Thornton Heath, South London between 2007 and 2011 - collapsed after it became apparent that evidence had been tampered with, concealed, or even possibly destroyed. As immigration officers were questioned in the witness box of the Inner London Crown Court it became clear that not only had video footage gone missing but that an investigation log had been tampered with. The trial was halted by Judge Nic Madge, who said in court: 'I am satisfied that officers at the heart of this prosecution have deliberately concealed important evidence and lied on oath”. The Judge added: “The bad faith and misconduct started in 2011, when two of the principal defendants were arrested, and has continued throughout the course of this trial. In my judgment, it has tainted the whole case. It has tainted the prosecution against all seven defendants. It is a case in which the prosecution should not be allowed to benefit from the serious misbehaviour of the officer in the case or the disclosure officer”. The Reverend Ntege and six other defendants were formally acquitted of all 17 charges, which related to marriages of convenience in order to bypass immigration laws. UK TV station Channel 4 News later reported that three immigration officers had been suspended and that the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) would be conducting an investigation. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) said that it accepted that the handling of the case had fallen below acceptable standards and that it would conduct a full review.^[25]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'UK Border Agency'. GOV.UK. 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
2. ^'Security in a global hub – Establishing the UK’s new border arrangementsArchived 6 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine'. Cabinet Office. Last updated 16 June 2009.
3. ^ ^ab'Our organisation'. UK Border Agency. 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
4. ^Fast and Fair?^{[permanent dead link]} – report on UK Border Agency by the Parliamentary Ombudsman, published 9 February 2010
5. ^ ^ab'Press release: Ombudsman publishes report on UK Border Agency'. Ombudsman.org.uk. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
6. ^'The work of the UK Border Agency (July-September 2012) - Conclusions and recommendations'. UK Parliament. 19 March 2013.
7. ^'UK Border Agency'. UK Parliament Hansard via TheyWorkForYou.com. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
8. ^'UK Border Agency's transition to Home Office'. Former UK Border Agency Website. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
9. ^ ^ab'UK Border Agency 'not good enough' and being scrapped'. BBC News. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
10. ^UK Border Agency Our organisation. Ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk (2013-04-01). Retrieved on 2013-10-23.
11. ^'Our work in your region'. UK Border Agency. 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
12. ^'UK Border Agency Business Plan'. UK Border Agency. 2011. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
13. ^'The UK Border Agency and Border Force: Progress in cutting costs and improving performance'(PDF). National Audit Office. 17 July 2012. Archived from the original(PDF) on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
14. ^'UK Border Agency's transition to Home Office'. UK Border Agency. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
15. ^'News release: Preventing drugs and other illegal goods from being smuggled into Britain'. UK Border Agency. 9 July 2008. Archived from the original on 30 December 2008.
16. ^'Section 138, Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 (c. 2)'. Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
17. ^'Audit Office report'. National Audit Office. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
18. ^John Oates (16 February 2011). 'UK Border Agency: Good at making cash, crap at making decisions'. The Register. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
19. ^Casciani, Dominic (4 November 2011). 'BBC News – UK Border Agency attacked for 'dumping' missing cases'. BBC. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
20. ^ ^abcde'BBC News – Head of UK border force Brodie Clark suspended'. BBC. 5 November 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
21. ^ ^abJames Slack (5 November 2011). 'UK border chief axed passport controls: Top civil servant faces sack over decision that left Britain open to terrorists and criminals Mail Online'. Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
22. ^Alan Travis, home affairs editor (5 November 2011). 'Head of UK border force suspended UK news'. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 April 2012.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
23. ^Chris Mason (5 November 2011). 'BBC News – Inquiry into border force passport check claims'. BBC. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
24. ^'Theresa May to split up UK Border Agency'. BBC News. 20 February 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
25. ^Israel, Simon (23 October 2014). 'Trial collapses after immigration officials 'lie under oath''. channel4.com. Channel 4 News. Retrieved 30 October 2014.

External links[edit]

This link takes you to Visa & Immigration Service

International travel can leave modern-day adventurers with positive memories and increased knowledge of their world. Along the way, many pick up souvenirs, gifts, and other items that remind them of their favorite destinations. Regardless of what travelers bring home or choose to leave behind, everyone still has to answer to customs officers upon arrival into their destination country.

No traveler enjoys clearing customs: In addition to filling out the standard form on the incoming aircraft or vessel, travelers may be asked to recall everything they picked up and packed on their travel. In the United States, the pass-through customs is often followed by passing immediately through a Transportation Security Administration (TSA) checkpoint.

When prepared for and done correctly, passing through customs can be a relatively quick and easy process. Here are five common questions every traveler should always plan on being asked by a customs officer upon arrival.

• In nearly every situation, this is often the first question travelers will be asked by a customs officer. This is often the first of the most common customs question because the purpose of a trip could change the type of visa required for entering the country, or subject travelers to different regulations.

  As a matter of best practice, always be honest with customs officials about the purpose of a trip. A dishonest answer could result in detention or even expulsion from a foreign country. To be safe, be sure to look up visa requirements before your arrival to ensure a smooth transition at customs.

• This common customs question has less to do with a traveler's vacation plans, and everything to do with national security. Customs and border protection officers often ask about the length of stay to assess if travelers qualify to enter the country, and if the visa they are holding is appropriate for their stay. While some countries allow for a 90-day stay with an on-arrival visa, others require travelers to apply for their visa well in advance.

  Depending on the planned length of visit, savvy travelers should be prepared to explain the length of their visit. Short-term stays of less than a week and long-term visits of more than a month usually receive a follow-up from the customs officer about their activities during their visit. Smart travelers should always prepare to answer truthfully about their activities while traveling.

• Unlike the first two questions, customs officers often ask about housing arrangements to ensure a traveler is not a security risk. Travelers giving very generic answers including 'at a hostel,' 'with a friend,' or 'at an Airbnb' may raise red flags for officers. As a result, travelers may get even more questions about their visit and could be detained until their travel plans are verified.

  Smart travelers prepare an answer to this customs question with the name of the hotel they are staying at or the address of the friends, family members, or Airbnb property they will be staying with. In addition, those who are planning to stay in a hotel or hostel should always keep confirmation of travel plans available. Having detailed stay information on hand can help travelers clear customs faster and with less frustration.

• This common customs question has less to do with a fascination of global occupations, and more to do with analyzing risk. When a customs officer asks about a traveler's occupation, it is not only an indicator of their financial capacities while in a given country, but also a behavior analysis tip. Travelers who cannot give an answer quickly or directly may be directed to additional questioning by customs.

  Smart travelers answer the occupation question directly and quickly. However, be prepared to back up those answers with additional proof. Certain occupations (like 'journalist' and 'law enforcement') could result in follow-up questions.

• Depending on where a traveler is entering, certain items may be restricted or prohibited at your destination. When entering the United States, baked and prepared goods can be brought back without inspection. However, meats, fruits, and vegetables may be subject to closer inspection or confiscation.

  Some embargoed goods may also not be brought back, depending on the country. For travel into the U.S., this includes many items originating from Cuba, Burma, Iran, or Sudan.​ Always keep a list of your items purchased on your person when going through the checkpoint, and be sure to declare all goods purchased abroad that you are bringing back with you.

Planning to speak with a customs officer is never fun, but it's a vital part of any international itinerary. By having answers prepared about a trip, every international traveler can make sure their stop is quick, efficient, and allows you to enter the country without delay.